Comparing the durability of modern jets to WW2 aircraft isn't far.
First, they're much bigger aircraft. Seriously - the F-15 is almost as big as a B-17.
Second, construction methods and materials have improved dramatically in the last 70+ years.
Third, the power-to-mass ratios of a modern fighter is just incredible compared to WW2 planes. As long as you have some degree of directional stability and fuel to keep them running, those engines will pretty much keep you in the air.
So, it's no surprise that a modern jet can come home safely with half of one wing missing.
For WW2 fighters, my guess is that the better ones could lose about 1/3 of a wing surface and still be able to fly. For underpowered planes, perhaps about 20%, maybe less.
Given the A5M's high power to mass ratio, it doesn't surprise me that it could survive with 1/3 or more of its wing missing (although notice that it lost its aileron on the damaged wing at some point).
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