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The dots are measured values for 13 individual planes - some are a bit worse, some are bit above the specs, and there are couple that will be rejected until the plane is brought up to spec.
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Keep in mind it is probable that most aircraft off the assembly line will have squawks that need addressing.
Just because a new aircraft has squawks does not mean it will be rejected. Most are minor adjustments that will be taken care of relatively quickly.
I would expect the majority to perform slightly below average until those squawks are fixed. You can also have optimistic performance that represents a squawk that must be fixed. An adjustment of the propeller governor, fuel metering, timing, etc...can have a large impact on performance.
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However it also prooves that the manufacturer's spec were likely spot on. So I now tend to think that there were 109E could indeed reach 500 kph or more.
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Correct. However there is no good reason to believe it is anything other than what Mtt says,
the mean performance. They knew much more about their aircraft design than any of us and were being paid to deliver those aircraft. Misrepresenting the mean would have been quickly noticed by the customer.