Need more info on water ricochets

[luthier]

Hello gentlemen,

We're trying to finetune our ricochets, and we need more in-depth research on how projectiles ricochet off of water.

Does anybody have access to hard data that they can share with us? We'd like to see some research on bullet weight, speed, and incident angle, and how they affect the resulting force. This includes everything from .303s to 12-in naval guns, if such data even exists.

[Letum]

A (very) quick google came up with this:
LINK (http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview/id/573463.html)

If it isn't useful, the references will be. I suspect THIS (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V3K-3SYS0V4-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3dfa9fddef288ba6dc5571ec20771c9a) one may be the most useful.

The below calculations give out typical results of 1-2 degrees for all bullet types.

The fact that projectiles can "skip" or ricochet off water has been
know since at least the 16th century. "The Art of Shooting in Great
Ordnaunce" by William Bourne, which was published around 1578, clearly
describes and diagrams the conditions necessary for the ricochet of
cannon shot. This technique was used to increase the range of
cannons, as well as increase the damage inflicted on the target
(hitting near the water line is more damaging than being hit by a
decending shot).

Empirically, it has been found that for non-spinning spherical
projectiles, the critical angle (measured in degrees from the surface
of the water) for ricochet is approximately given by:

18/D^(1/2)

where D is the specific gravity (the density relative to water) of the
projectile. Non-spinning projectiles encountering the water surface
at angles greater than the critical angle will simply enter the water;
projectiles encountering the water surface at lower angles will
ricochet. A theoretical, but still approximate, treatment (IM
Hutchings, 1976) gives the result:

17.3/D^(1/2)

which is reasonably close to the empirical relationship. The
analogous result for a non-spinning cylindrical projectile is:

18.7/D^(1/2)

so spherical and cylindrical projectiles behave pretty close to the
same if they are not spinning.

If the projectile is spinning, the problem becomes much more complex.
Spinning spheres can actually penetrate into the water a distance many
times their diameter, and still reexit, sometimes back in the same
direction they came from! (This has been shown experimentally in the
paper by Shlien listed below). A discussion of the effects of spin is
given in the paper by Hutchings.

Note that the relationships above do not include a dependence on the
velocity of the projectile. The velocity only becomes important at
low speeds (less than ~300 ft/sec). Experimental results on the
effect of velocity on the critical angle (see paper by Soliman and
others) show that the critical angle is lower for slower speed
projectiles, and approaches the theoretical/empirical relationship of
~18/D^1/2 as the speed increases.

In the case of a BB gun, typical projectile velocities are between 250
and 1000 ft/sec, so the dependence of the critical angle on velocity
will be small.

References. (Those with digital object identifier (doi) numbers are
available electronically on the Web, though you may need to have a
subscription to the journal to see the full text. You can use doi
"resolver" at the bottom of the page at <http://www.doi.org/> to try
to retrieve these articles.)

Johnson W; Reid SR (1975) Ricochet of spheres off water. J Mech Eng
Science 17: 71?81.

IM Hutchings, 1976, The ricochet of spheres and cylinders from the
surface of water. Intl. J. of Mechanical Sci. 18 pp 243-47.
doi:10.1016/0020-7403(76)90006-0

AS Soliman, SR Reid and W Johnson, 1976, The effect of spherical
projectile speed in ricochet off water and sand. Intl. J. of
Mechanical Sci. 18 pp 279-84. doi:10.1016/0020-7403(76)90029-1

T Miloh and Y Shukron (1991) Ricochet off water of spherical
projectiles. J. Ship Research 35, pp. 91?100

DJ Shlien, 1994, Unexpected ricochet of spheres off water.
Experiments in Fluids 17, pp 267-71. doi:10.1007/BF00203046

W. Johnson, 1998, Ricochet of non-spinning projectiles, mainly from
water Part I: Some historical contributions. Intl. J. of Impact
Engineering v21, 1-2, pp 15-24. doi:10.1016/S0734-743X(97)00032-8

W. Johnson, 1998, The ricochet of spinning and non-spinning spherical
projectiles, mainly from water. Part II: An outline of theory and
warlike applications. Intl. J. of Impact Engineering v21, 1-2, pp
25-34. doi:10.1016/S0734-743X(97)00033-X

[luthier]

Thank you very much, but that's the kind of data we already have.

Obviously, ricochets are mostly a visual effect. Hard to imagine them being used for combat purposes. Even if you're flying wave-top and bouncing shells off the surface at the side of an enemy ship, ricochets are just too unpredictable to make it any more effective than aiming directly at the ship.

Still, more precise data would be great, actual test data on WWII-era or comparable projectiles, so at the very least, when somebody posts on the forums saying "hey guys your ricochets suck", we can come back at them with hard irrefutable data.

[philip.ed]

Luthier, I know someone who may be able to give you some footage of bouncing tracer etc. Would you be interested...? ;)

[Feuerfalke]

In the DCS-Forums they have an extra-forum for research. Maybe you want to post it over there as well?

http://forums.eagle.ru/forumdisplay.php?f=80

I can also post a link there, if that's okay with you. A very competent and helpful community, some retired or in active military service. I doubt the DCS-guys would mind.

[Letum]

I have dug up some more stuff.

Youtube Links: 1 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AB_H-rQX4hs) 2 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkZ4Tgf8YF8&feature=related) 3 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpLYI_-C3k&feature=related)



More useful sources, if you can find them, might be:
Haag, L.C., "Bullet Ricochet from Water," AFTE Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1979, pp. 27-34.

Nennstiel, R., "Study of Bullet Ricochet on a Water Surface," AFTE Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3, July 1984, pp. 88-93.

The effects of differing water depths on bullet ricochet angles By Erika Chen

"Outdoors in Illinois‎
Illinois. Dept. of Conservation"
Makes an unverified claim that "Bullets will ricochet from water up to an angle of about 11 degrees and at 15
degrees will not.", but it is not a scientific paper.

[Skoshi Tiger]

Unfortunately, in my state in Australia it is ilegal to shoot rifles accross open water water (I assume because of the posibility of a bullet ricocheting in some unwanted direction) Otherwise I would (For the sake of science and the betterment of mankind) take my Lee Enfield .303 down to the nearest body of water and let off a few hundred rounds for the video camera!

Oh! The pain of living under an oppressive system of government!

[KOM.Nausicaa]

Luthier,

best research on WW2 specific ammunition and guns is done by Emmanuel Gustin.
http://users.telenet.be/Emmanuel.Gustin/volume1/index.html

He has complete tables of weight, velocity etc etc of almost all WW2 ammunition types.

[akdavis]

Are you also interested in the behavior of bombs when striking water? Currently in Il-2, bombs behave in a far too predictable manner when interacting with water, especially ocean waves.

[Coog]

Yes, having only played the original, and I can't recall, nor do I know for the more recent versions (1946), but is skip bombing included? I know that you're requesting info. on physics related to bullet/cannon/artillery fire, but didn't know if you were extending that to include other weapon interaction with the surface of water? A bit off-topic, but is skip bombing something anticipated in SOW and beyond?

Thanks!